Temperature ( Group 7)

Temperature( Group 7)

Thermometers!!

Temperature(Group 7) Laboratory Thermometer

group 7 post 2

Digital thermometer
export-forum.com





Infrared thermometer
pastryitems.com




laboratory thermometer
rapidonline.com
DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERMOMETERS
Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the glass thermometer. This consists of a glass tube filled with mercury or some other liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increases cause the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid. Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical standpoint, is the gas thermometer.
Other important devices for measuring temperature include:
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Pyrometers
Langmuir probes (for electron temperature of a plasma)
Infrared
Other thermometers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_measurement
done by:Nicole,Amanda,Mika and Alisha

Temperature(group 7)post one:)

Thermometer with Fahrenheit units on the outer scale and Celsius units on the inner scale

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit

A Wrong Idea
Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not.
Perhaps the reason the two are usually and incorrectly thought to be the same is because as human beings on Earth everyday experience leads us to notice that when you heat something up, say like putting a pot of water on the stove, then the temperature of that something goes up. More heat, more temperature - they must be the same, right? Turns out, though, this is not true.
Initial Definitions
Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. If temperature is measured in Kelvin degrees, then this number is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Heat is a measurement of the total energy in a substance. That total energy is made up of not only of the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance, but total energy is also made up of the potential energies of the molecules. Temperature measure of the relative warmth or coolness of an object. Temperature is measured by means of a thermometer or other instrument having a scale calibrated in units called degrees. The size of a degree depends on the particular temperature scale being used. A temperature scale is determined by choosing two reference temperatures and dividing the temperature difference between these two points into a certain number of degrees. The two reference temperatures used for most common scales are the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water



"temperature." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-temperat.html



UNITS OF TEMPERATURE


Kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature,and is one of the seven SI base units. The Celsius temperature scale is now defined in terms of the Kelvin, with 0 °C corresponding to 273.15 Kelvins, approximately the melting point of water under ordinary conditions SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units.The Kelvin scale and the kelvin are named after the Belfast-born physicist and engineer William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), who wrote of the need for an "absolute thermometric scale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin

Celsius (also historically known as centigrade) is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius

Fahrenheit is the temperature scale proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). Today, the temperature scale has been replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries. It is still in use in the United States and a few other nations, such as Belize.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Done by:Nicole,Amanda,Mika and Alisha:)

The Meter By Group 1

LENGTH! (Group 1)

The S.I. Unit for length is metre(m).
Other units: kilometre(km)
centimetre(cm)
milimetre(mm)

(kilo- and mili- are prefixes.
kilo = 1000
mili = 1/1000)



Useful Conversions : 1 kilometre = 1km = 1000m
1 centimetre = 1cm = 0.01m
1 milimetre = 1mm = 0.001m



Equipment used:






These are the different types of equipment used for measuring.




Vernier Calipers!

This is a vernier caliper. It is used for measuring lines about 1-15cm. Its acurracy is 0.01cm.

Mesuring Tape!

This Measuring Tape is used for straight lines. It is commonly used by architects. Its accurracy is 0.1cm.

Measuring Tape!

This measuring tape is used to measure curves suchs a person's waist or a circumference of a pipe. It is commonly used by tailors. Its acurracy is 0.1cm.

Metre Ruler!

This metre ruler is to measure lines about 30cm-1m. Its accuracy is 0.1cm.
There is a picture of a 15cm ruler and a 30 cm ruler above. (the first picture).

Done by: Alia, Ashmika, Samantha & Zhou Quan.

(This video is inspired by the Noose. This video is only for educational and entertainment purposes only. We do not own the names of the news casters and their names have been changed. Copyright is not intended.)

Lss Group 9 : Time and Speed

Part1: Siong Ying and Eunice's race

Part 2: Notes on time and speed

In this video,we have showed how to use the mechanical stop-watch.The accuracy of the stop-watch is o.o1sec.

TIME

Notes on time:

1. Time is the duration of an event which is measured in seconds(s)

2.SI Unit : (s)

3.instruments used:

i) Mechanical stop-watch

ii)electronic stop-watch

iii) Hour-glass

SPEED

Notes on speed:

1.Speed is the measurement of Distance(m) over Time(s)

2.SI Unit : metre per second(m/s)

3.Other measurements includes miles/h , yards/min

4.Speed tells us how fast an object is moving , and it is a rat at which distance is covered overtime.

5.As an object may not be of constant speed throughout its motion , there would be a need to calculate is average speed.

6.Average speed is the measurement of total distance travelled over total

By: Siong Ying,Eunice,Dinie and Cheryl

Lss Group 9 : Time and Speed

This video is Part 1.

In this video,we have showed how to use the mechanical stop-watch.The accuracy of the stop-watch is o.o1sec.

TIME

Notes on time:

1. Time is the duration of an event which is measured in seconds(s)

2.SI Unit : (s)

3.instruments used:

i) Mechanical stop-watch

ii)electronic stop-watch

iii) Hour-glass

SPEED

Notes on speed:

1.Speed is the measurement of Distance(m) over Time(s)

2.SI Unit : metre per second(m/s)

3.Other measurements includes miles/h , yards/min

4.Speed tells us how fast an object is moving , and it is a rat at which distance is covered overtime.

5.As an object may not be of constant speed throughout its motion , there would be a need to calculate is average speed.

6.Average speed is the measurement of total distance travelled over total time taken.

-SiongYing,Eunice,Dinie,Cheryl

Group 8 - Temperature (i)

TEMPERATURE

What exactly is Temperature?

Temperature is the measurement of how hot or cold something is. Our bodies can feel the difference between something which is hot and something which is cold.

> Temperature plays an important role in almost all fields of science, including physics, geology, chemistry, and biology.

> Temperature is also used to measure the weather of our surroundings and our body heat. For example, when someone has a fever, we say that they have a temperature of 37.6 degrees celsius.

___________________________________

UNITS OF TEMPERATURE

1. Temperature can be measured with many different units, the most common being:

a) Degrees Celsius (Symbol: ' º ')

b) Centigrade (Symbol: C)

c) Farenheit (Symbol: F) &

d) kelvin (Symbol: K), which is the S.I Unit for Temperature.

DEGREES CELSIUS

- Degrees celsius is most commonly used for measuring body temperature, which normally ranges from 36º - 42º.

CENTIGRADE & FARENHEIT

- Centigrade and Farenheit are normally used when cooking or baking, and is used to set the temperature of an oven or a stove.

Eg. Mary set the oven to 180 C/ 350 F to bake a cake.

KELVIN

-The kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. It is named in honour of the physicist William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin (1824–1907). The Kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. This means that "kelvin" is an absolute temperature scale, and is used by scientist more than any other unit of measurement in terms of temperature.

William Thomson [Lord Kelvin]

Credits: Information & Picture on "Kelvin" adapted from http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin

__________________________________________________________________

TOOLS USED IN TEMEPERATURE

Thermometers

Liquid-in-glass thermometers measure temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or degrees Celsius (°C). They are made of sealed glass and contain a fluid, usually mercury or red alcohol. It can read a range of temperatures from -10°C to 110°C.
Bimetallic strip thermometers include two different metals that are joined together and expand at different rates as they warm up.
Thermistors measure changes in electrical resistance and convert them to changes in temperature. It can read a range of temperatures from -90 °C to 130 °C.
Infrared thermometers are non-contact devices that convert infrared (IR) energy to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature.

Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and can also be used to convert heat into electric power. They are interchangeable and can measure a wide range of temperatures.

__________________________________________

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Heat & Temperature:

Who thinks that Heat and Temperature are the same thing?

If you are one of these people, you're wrong.

The concepts of Heat and Temperature are thought to be the same thing, but they are not.

Perhaps it's because as human beings on Earth, everyday experience leads us to notice that when you heat something up, say making a fire while camping, then the temperature of that something goes up. More Heat, More Temperature - they must be the same right? Unfortunately, the answer is no.

Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of a molecuses of a substance.
Heat is the measurement of a total energy in a substance.

So, Temperature is not energy. If you measure it in Kelvin, then the temperature value is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecuses in the substance.

Heat is the total amountof energy possesed by the molecuses in a piece of matter. This energy is both kinetic and potential energy.

For an example:
2 things may have the same amount of heat, but they may not have the same temperature.

2 things may have the same temperature, but they may not have the same amount of heat.

Why, you may ask.
Given some temperature, there is more heat in a larger mass/volume of water compared to a smaller one.

Information fromhttp://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTemperature/heatAndTemperature

_______________________________________

TEMPERATURE USED IN DAY TO DAY LIFE

Temperature is used in everyday life,for example,simple things like the weather reports,cooking or even getting warm by a fire or cooling down in a pool.All of those examples have something to da with temperature!

Weather reaports use temperature to tell us about the days weather,ofcourse,whether the day will be hot or cold.We listen to the weather reports every morning to find out the weather for the day.If we did not know about the weather we could end up wearing a winter suit on a hot summers day.

Cooking provides us humans with necessary food everyday.To cook food we need a source of heat.A source of heat, for example ,a campfire,a stove or even an oven.Heat is directly linked to heat and without heat there will be no food.So, in other word,without temperature the will be no heat for us t ocook and consume our food.

Cooling down or warming up is also directly related to temperature.Which is what enables us to warm up or cool down.

-END-

-Sasha, Julia, Kaiwen and Rachel Ho

Group 5 Mass

Group 5

What is mass??

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance.

How do we measure mass????

We measure it by using some apparatus like the electronic balance and the beam balance. The S.I. Unit for mass is kilograms/kg.

First, we will present about the electronic balance. It is a device that measures mass and has an accuracy of 0.1grams.

For example, you want to find out the mass of 60ml of water.

Here are the steps on how to use it:

1:Turn it on and wait for the screen to show zero.

2: Place an empty beaker on the electronic balance.

3: Wait for the mass to be stable and press the re-zero button.

4: Pour the 60ml of water into the beaker.

5: The reading that appears on the screen is the mass of the 60ml of water.

(The video took a very long time to load) Here are some pictures of the electronic balance:

Lastly, here is the beam balance. It is also a device that measures mass and has an accuracy of 0.1grams. It is used to weigh small amounts of chemicals.

For example, you want to find out the mass of 60ml of water. Here are the steps on how to use it:

1: Slide back all the weight poises so that the pointer is pointing to the zero mark.

2: Place the beaker with water on the balance platform and you will observe that the pointer goes up.

3: Slide the weight poises until the pointer is at the zero mark again. Move the 2 heavier weight poises which are the 2 bigger ones followed by the lightest one to do the fine tuning.

4: To read the weight of the beaker of water in grams, add up the value shown on each weight poise.

Here are some pictures of the beam balance (We could not upload the video):

This is how the pointer looks like when it is pointing to the zero marking:

By:

Group 5

Charrise Su (6)

Janna Lim (16)

Melissa Khoo (19)

Megan Yeo (22)

Group 10(Time and Speed)

TIME

~Is the duration of an event
~S.I. unit is seconds(s) Other units include the minute(min),
the hour(h) and millisecond (ms)
~Days, weeks, months and years can also express time
~Instruments used to measure time: Watches, Clocks(Both measure time to the nearest second
but not sufficiently accurate for scientific purposes)
~To measure a short period of time, a stopwatch is used

TIME: STOPWATCH
~There are two kinds of stopwatches-Mechanical and Electronic

xxxxMECHANICAL STOPWATCHxxxxx
->has a minute scale and a second scale
->smallest division is 0.1 second

xxxxELECTRONIC STOPWATCHxxxx
~is more accurate than the mechanical stopwatch
~can measure time intervals accurate to 0.01 seconds

~can also record the time interval in hours unlike the mechanical stopwatch

Instructions on how to use the above instruments are below :)

Speed

What is speed?

Speed is...
-The rate of motion, change or activity
-The rate at which distance is covered over time

Speed, like velocity, has the dimensions of a length (AKA distance) divided by time.

So if velocity and speed are so similar, why aren't they called the same thing?

There is, of course, a difference between them. To understand this difference better, we have found some videos for you to watch and learn:

size:100%;">If you do not appreciate it, there is a more logical-sounding and more professional-sounding video for you below, but its quality is not very good.





What are the instruments used to measure speed?
They are...
-The speedometers in cars




An example of a car's speedometer
Credits: Wikipedia










-Stopwatches [both digital and mechanical]

An example of a mechanical stopwatch
Credits: Wikipedia










-Chronographs [both digital and mechanical]
An example of a mechanical chronograph Credits: Wikipedia

Yes yes they are oh so helpful but HOW DO WE USE THEM (in advance, we are sorry these are advertisements...)??

This is where our wonderful youtube videos come in!


This is how to use a mechanical watch :)



This is how to use a digital stopwatch :)



This video above explains how chronographs are used :)


So after those EXTREMELY interesting videos, let's find out more about speed and objects~

Of course, the speed of objects falling falls into the topic, so let us talk more about it!

~~~Around 400 years ago, the great scientist Galileo noticed that objects speed up when they fall. He later found out that objects of different masses but have the same shape take the same time to fall to the ground. He later found out that gravity pulls them down equally.
Objects of different shapes and sizes fall at different rates...BUT....the faster something falls, the more air resistance acts on the object. Eventually, the air resistance acting on it becomes as strong as the gravitational force acting on it. When this happens, the object's speed no longer changes and is hence called terminal speed.

There are still many words you have to read, so get some eyedrops before proceeding~!

Ready? Go!

So what about the speed of light and the some of the fastest specimens of the world?

That is what we are going to cover now!

The speed of light is 299, 792, 458 metres/second

Fastest land animal?

Hands (I mean paws) down, it's the cheetah at 110km/hour!

Speed of a racing hovercraft?

It is around 70 miles per hour! (but still slower than the cheetah)

Speed of a swordfish?

At maximum, its speed is 60km/hour~

Lastly *pants*, the hummingbird...

It can fly backwards and its maximum speed is 54km/hour!

Lastly, questions from your textbook....

-Arrange the following walking speeds of different dinosaurs in ascending order:
a. Stegosaurus 1.67m/s
b. Large theropods (e.g. tyrannosaurus) 20km/h
c. Sauropods (e.g. diploducus) 283.33m/min

Answer:
http://answersforscienceblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/q1-dinosaurs.html

[the easiest of the easy] Suppose you are standing in a platform of an MRT station watching the trains. There is a train passing by without stopping. It travels at 20m/s and takes 6.9s to completely pass you. What is the length of the train?

Answer:
http://answersforscienceblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/q2-train.html

We hope you have enjoyed our post!
Group members: Therese, Charmaine (Time), Rachel Lo and Priscilla (Speed) :D

Lss Group 6 - Mass

This is a beam balance. It was used in the olden days to weigh meat

or vegetables in markets. Its accuracy is: 0.1grams.

You may ask how to use it?

1. Firstly, you put an object onto the metal plate.

2.Then, you move the metal piece of the 100grams scale until the arrowon the right side is near the '0(zero)' point on the plastic support.

3.Next, you move the metal piece of the 10grams scale until it is nearer to the '0(zero)' mark or until it touches the '0(zero)' mark.*make sure that when you move the plastic piece of the scales, it must restin the dents of the metal piece*

4.Finally, after you move the 10grams scale and it does not touch the '0(zero)' line, turn the knob until it does. There, you have successfully mastered the method of using the Beam Balance.

Shortly after this series of instructions, there will be a video teaching you how to use the Beam Balance. The following pictures will tell you more about the scales :

This is the 100grams scale and the 10grams scale. As you can see, the 10grams scale is behind the 100grams scale. The 10grams scale ranges from 10grams to 100grams, and the 100grams scale ranges from 100grams to 500grams. The plastic piece at every scale is the one u use to change the weight. The plastic piece at the 100grams scale weighs a 100grams and the plastic piece at the 10grams scale weighs 10grams.

This knob, ranges from 1gram to 10 grams. If the 100grams and 10grams scale cannot make the arrow reach the '0(zero)' mark, this is the essential part where it will level the Beam Balance and you will get to know the exact weight of the object.

What is Mass?

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a body.

The S.I unit of mass:

-kilogram(kg)

Other commonly used units for mass:

-grams(g)

-milligrams(mg)

-tonnes(t)

-kilograms(kg)

Useful Conversions:

-1 mg = 0.001 g

-1 g = 0.001 kg

-1 kg = 1,000 g

-1 t = 1,000 kg

Measuring mass

We use balances to measure mass. A beam balance makes use of known masses to measure the mass of an unknown object.

A triple balance is an accurate and reliable method of measuring mass. Most triple beam balances can measure masses up to 0.61 kg.

While triple beam balance is accurate and easy to use , many laboratories also use electronic balances . The object whose mass is to be measured is placed on the metal pan and the reading is displayed.

One advantage of the electronic balance over the beam balance is that readings can be obtained very quickly.

Group members: Vicki, Venetia, Jia Xin