Group 2 :Typical Animal Cell

Done By : Lisa Lim, Jill Oh, Esther Soh, Ysabel

Group Members : Julia, Sasha, Rachel Ho, Kaiwen

Group7-Xylem vessel

A vessel element is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants. In secondary xylem, a vessel element originates from a fusiform initial in the cambium, at maturity the protoplast dies and disappears, but the lignified cell walls persist.At both ends there are openings that connect the individual vessel elements. These are called perforations or perforation plates. These perforations may have a variety of shapes: the most common are the simple perforation (a simple opening) and the scalariform perforation (several elongated openings on top of each other in a ladder-like design). Other types include the foraminate perforation plate (several round openings) and reticulate perforation plate (net-like pattern, with many openings). The side walls will have pits, and may have spiral thickenings.

The vascular bundle in the stem of plants is composed of the xylem and phloem tubes. The xylem’s main function is to transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the rest of the plant. The xylem is composed of xylem vessels, xylem tracheids, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma. The xylem vessel is a long, hollow tube stretching fromthe root to the leaf. It is a structure made up of many dead cellsknown as vessel elements. The cells are arranged end to end and thecross-walls dissolve completely or have simple or complex perforationplates between successive cells. The secondary walls of vessels are impregnated with lignin and are thickened unevenly. Lignin may bedeposited in the form of rings or spirals, to prevent the collapse of the vessel and to provide mechanical support to the plan. The xylem vessel also has an empty lumen without protoplasm, to reduce resistance to water flowing through the xylem.

The Root Hair Cell...

Here is the wonderful root hair cell that group 10 worked hard for. Enjoy. I'm sorry there's no information but all of it should be found in your textbook.

These are pictures of a red blood cell.
Red blood cells in blood contain the red pigment called haemoglobin.
Haemoglobin combines with oxygen, which is transported around the body.
Done by: Aarthi, Jia Xin, Venetia and Vicki.

Group 1 - Animal Cell (picture)

This is a typical animal cell. It consists of a nucleus, chromosomes, tiny vacuoles, cytoplasm and a cell membrane.

-nucleus -> The nucleus controls all activities that is happening in the cell.

-cytoplasm -> The cytoplasm contains chemicals and tiny structures that carry out a special function.

-chromosomes -> There are 46 chromosomes in each cell.

-cell membrane -> The cell membrane controls things that goes in and out of the cell.

Done by: Group 1 : Alia(1), Ashmika(4), Samantha(28) and Zhou Quan(38)

Group 3-Plant Cell

The pictures are models of a plant cell.The plant cell consists of a thick cellulose cell wall,a soft,thin and partially permeable cell membrane,cytoplasm,a nucleus which contains DNA,chloroplasts,a single large vacuole,starch grains which stores food and mitochondrion.The plant cell,unlike the animal cell,has a cell wall which gives the plant its shape and supports it and chloroplasts which enable plants to produce food through photosynthesis.

Done by:Group 3-Rachel Tsang,Lee Zuo Qi,Simone Lam

The Plant Cell

Plant Cell:
It is made up of

• Cytoplasm which contains chemicals and tiny structures that carry out special function.
• Cell wall which gives the plant cell a regular shape and provides the cell a mechanical support.
• Cell membrane which controls things that goes in and out of the cell.
• Vacuole which is a single large space that contains cell sap made up of water, sugar and mineral salt.
• Chloroplast which contains chlorophyll that enables the plant to photosynthesis.
• Nucleus which controls all activities that is happening in the cell

• Mitochondria which is the site for the plant to respire and produce energy.

Done By :Group 4
Regine Chong(11)
Genevieve Shing (13)
Vanissa Lee(34)
Roshan (27)

Lss Group 9: Root Hair Cell Model

This is a picture of a red blood cell.

Red blood cell is a hemoglobin-containing blood cell that transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide to and from tissues. They are the most common type of blood cell delivers oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood.
Lacking a nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, the mammalian red blood cells do not use any of the oxygen they transport for their own needs.

Done By:Janna Lim, Charisse Su, Melissa Khoo, Megan Yeo

Temperature ( Group 7)

Temperature( Group 7)

Thermometers!!

Temperature(Group 7) Laboratory Thermometer

group 7 post 2

Digital thermometer
export-forum.com





Infrared thermometer
pastryitems.com




laboratory thermometer
rapidonline.com
DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERMOMETERS
Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the glass thermometer. This consists of a glass tube filled with mercury or some other liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increases cause the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid. Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical standpoint, is the gas thermometer.
Other important devices for measuring temperature include:
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Pyrometers
Langmuir probes (for electron temperature of a plasma)
Infrared
Other thermometers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_measurement
done by:Nicole,Amanda,Mika and Alisha

Temperature(group 7)post one:)

Thermometer with Fahrenheit units on the outer scale and Celsius units on the inner scale

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit

A Wrong Idea
Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not.
Perhaps the reason the two are usually and incorrectly thought to be the same is because as human beings on Earth everyday experience leads us to notice that when you heat something up, say like putting a pot of water on the stove, then the temperature of that something goes up. More heat, more temperature - they must be the same, right? Turns out, though, this is not true.
Initial Definitions
Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. If temperature is measured in Kelvin degrees, then this number is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Heat is a measurement of the total energy in a substance. That total energy is made up of not only of the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance, but total energy is also made up of the potential energies of the molecules. Temperature measure of the relative warmth or coolness of an object. Temperature is measured by means of a thermometer or other instrument having a scale calibrated in units called degrees. The size of a degree depends on the particular temperature scale being used. A temperature scale is determined by choosing two reference temperatures and dividing the temperature difference between these two points into a certain number of degrees. The two reference temperatures used for most common scales are the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water



"temperature." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2010 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-temperat.html



UNITS OF TEMPERATURE


Kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature,and is one of the seven SI base units. The Celsius temperature scale is now defined in terms of the Kelvin, with 0 °C corresponding to 273.15 Kelvins, approximately the melting point of water under ordinary conditions SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units.The Kelvin scale and the kelvin are named after the Belfast-born physicist and engineer William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), who wrote of the need for an "absolute thermometric scale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin

Celsius (also historically known as centigrade) is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius

Fahrenheit is the temperature scale proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). Today, the temperature scale has been replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries. It is still in use in the United States and a few other nations, such as Belize.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Done by:Nicole,Amanda,Mika and Alisha:)

The Meter By Group 1

LENGTH! (Group 1)

The S.I. Unit for length is metre(m).
Other units: kilometre(km)
centimetre(cm)
milimetre(mm)

(kilo- and mili- are prefixes.
kilo = 1000
mili = 1/1000)



Useful Conversions : 1 kilometre = 1km = 1000m
1 centimetre = 1cm = 0.01m
1 milimetre = 1mm = 0.001m



Equipment used:






These are the different types of equipment used for measuring.




Vernier Calipers!

This is a vernier caliper. It is used for measuring lines about 1-15cm. Its acurracy is 0.01cm.

Mesuring Tape!

This Measuring Tape is used for straight lines. It is commonly used by architects. Its accurracy is 0.1cm.

Measuring Tape!

This measuring tape is used to measure curves suchs a person's waist or a circumference of a pipe. It is commonly used by tailors. Its acurracy is 0.1cm.

Metre Ruler!

This metre ruler is to measure lines about 30cm-1m. Its accuracy is 0.1cm.
There is a picture of a 15cm ruler and a 30 cm ruler above. (the first picture).

Done by: Alia, Ashmika, Samantha & Zhou Quan.

(This video is inspired by the Noose. This video is only for educational and entertainment purposes only. We do not own the names of the news casters and their names have been changed. Copyright is not intended.)

Lss Group 9 : Time and Speed

Part1: Siong Ying and Eunice's race

Part 2: Notes on time and speed

In this video,we have showed how to use the mechanical stop-watch.The accuracy of the stop-watch is o.o1sec.

TIME

Notes on time:

1. Time is the duration of an event which is measured in seconds(s)

2.SI Unit : (s)

3.instruments used:

i) Mechanical stop-watch

ii)electronic stop-watch

iii) Hour-glass

SPEED

Notes on speed:

1.Speed is the measurement of Distance(m) over Time(s)

2.SI Unit : metre per second(m/s)

3.Other measurements includes miles/h , yards/min

4.Speed tells us how fast an object is moving , and it is a rat at which distance is covered overtime.

5.As an object may not be of constant speed throughout its motion , there would be a need to calculate is average speed.

6.Average speed is the measurement of total distance travelled over total

By: Siong Ying,Eunice,Dinie and Cheryl

Lss Group 9 : Time and Speed

This video is Part 1.

In this video,we have showed how to use the mechanical stop-watch.The accuracy of the stop-watch is o.o1sec.

TIME

Notes on time:

1. Time is the duration of an event which is measured in seconds(s)

2.SI Unit : (s)

3.instruments used:

i) Mechanical stop-watch

ii)electronic stop-watch

iii) Hour-glass

SPEED

Notes on speed:

1.Speed is the measurement of Distance(m) over Time(s)

2.SI Unit : metre per second(m/s)

3.Other measurements includes miles/h , yards/min

4.Speed tells us how fast an object is moving , and it is a rat at which distance is covered overtime.

5.As an object may not be of constant speed throughout its motion , there would be a need to calculate is average speed.

6.Average speed is the measurement of total distance travelled over total time taken.

-SiongYing,Eunice,Dinie,Cheryl

Group 8 - Temperature (i)

TEMPERATURE

What exactly is Temperature?

Temperature is the measurement of how hot or cold something is. Our bodies can feel the difference between something which is hot and something which is cold.

> Temperature plays an important role in almost all fields of science, including physics, geology, chemistry, and biology.

> Temperature is also used to measure the weather of our surroundings and our body heat. For example, when someone has a fever, we say that they have a temperature of 37.6 degrees celsius.

___________________________________

UNITS OF TEMPERATURE

1. Temperature can be measured with many different units, the most common being:

a) Degrees Celsius (Symbol: ' º ')

b) Centigrade (Symbol: C)

c) Farenheit (Symbol: F) &

d) kelvin (Symbol: K), which is the S.I Unit for Temperature.

DEGREES CELSIUS

- Degrees celsius is most commonly used for measuring body temperature, which normally ranges from 36º - 42º.

CENTIGRADE & FARENHEIT

- Centigrade and Farenheit are normally used when cooking or baking, and is used to set the temperature of an oven or a stove.

Eg. Mary set the oven to 180 C/ 350 F to bake a cake.

KELVIN

-The kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. It is named in honour of the physicist William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin (1824–1907). The Kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. This means that "kelvin" is an absolute temperature scale, and is used by scientist more than any other unit of measurement in terms of temperature.

William Thomson [Lord Kelvin]

Credits: Information & Picture on "Kelvin" adapted from http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin

__________________________________________________________________

TOOLS USED IN TEMEPERATURE

Thermometers

Liquid-in-glass thermometers measure temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or degrees Celsius (°C). They are made of sealed glass and contain a fluid, usually mercury or red alcohol. It can read a range of temperatures from -10°C to 110°C.
Bimetallic strip thermometers include two different metals that are joined together and expand at different rates as they warm up.
Thermistors measure changes in electrical resistance and convert them to changes in temperature. It can read a range of temperatures from -90 °C to 130 °C.
Infrared thermometers are non-contact devices that convert infrared (IR) energy to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature.

Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and can also be used to convert heat into electric power. They are interchangeable and can measure a wide range of temperatures.

__________________________________________

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Heat & Temperature:

Who thinks that Heat and Temperature are the same thing?

If you are one of these people, you're wrong.

The concepts of Heat and Temperature are thought to be the same thing, but they are not.

Perhaps it's because as human beings on Earth, everyday experience leads us to notice that when you heat something up, say making a fire while camping, then the temperature of that something goes up. More Heat, More Temperature - they must be the same right? Unfortunately, the answer is no.

Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of a molecuses of a substance.
Heat is the measurement of a total energy in a substance.

So, Temperature is not energy. If you measure it in Kelvin, then the temperature value is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecuses in the substance.

Heat is the total amountof energy possesed by the molecuses in a piece of matter. This energy is both kinetic and potential energy.

For an example:
2 things may have the same amount of heat, but they may not have the same temperature.

2 things may have the same temperature, but they may not have the same amount of heat.

Why, you may ask.
Given some temperature, there is more heat in a larger mass/volume of water compared to a smaller one.

Information fromhttp://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTemperature/heatAndTemperature

_______________________________________

TEMPERATURE USED IN DAY TO DAY LIFE

Temperature is used in everyday life,for example,simple things like the weather reports,cooking or even getting warm by a fire or cooling down in a pool.All of those examples have something to da with temperature!

Weather reaports use temperature to tell us about the days weather,ofcourse,whether the day will be hot or cold.We listen to the weather reports every morning to find out the weather for the day.If we did not know about the weather we could end up wearing a winter suit on a hot summers day.

Cooking provides us humans with necessary food everyday.To cook food we need a source of heat.A source of heat, for example ,a campfire,a stove or even an oven.Heat is directly linked to heat and without heat there will be no food.So, in other word,without temperature the will be no heat for us t ocook and consume our food.

Cooling down or warming up is also directly related to temperature.Which is what enables us to warm up or cool down.

-END-

-Sasha, Julia, Kaiwen and Rachel Ho

Group 5 Mass

Group 5

What is mass??

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance.

How do we measure mass????

We measure it by using some apparatus like the electronic balance and the beam balance. The S.I. Unit for mass is kilograms/kg.

First, we will present about the electronic balance. It is a device that measures mass and has an accuracy of 0.1grams.

For example, you want to find out the mass of 60ml of water.

Here are the steps on how to use it:

1:Turn it on and wait for the screen to show zero.

2: Place an empty beaker on the electronic balance.

3: Wait for the mass to be stable and press the re-zero button.

4: Pour the 60ml of water into the beaker.

5: The reading that appears on the screen is the mass of the 60ml of water.

(The video took a very long time to load) Here are some pictures of the electronic balance:

Lastly, here is the beam balance. It is also a device that measures mass and has an accuracy of 0.1grams. It is used to weigh small amounts of chemicals.

For example, you want to find out the mass of 60ml of water. Here are the steps on how to use it:

1: Slide back all the weight poises so that the pointer is pointing to the zero mark.

2: Place the beaker with water on the balance platform and you will observe that the pointer goes up.

3: Slide the weight poises until the pointer is at the zero mark again. Move the 2 heavier weight poises which are the 2 bigger ones followed by the lightest one to do the fine tuning.

4: To read the weight of the beaker of water in grams, add up the value shown on each weight poise.

Here are some pictures of the beam balance (We could not upload the video):

This is how the pointer looks like when it is pointing to the zero marking:

By:

Group 5

Charrise Su (6)

Janna Lim (16)

Melissa Khoo (19)

Megan Yeo (22)